Dna Rna And Dna Replication - 1735 Words

1. The process where a cell passed its DNA sequence onto another cell is known as DNA replication. This process usually took place in the S phase cell cycle through mitosis where the copy of DNA molecule are segregated and cytoplasm open up leading to cell division. In order for the process to happen, an enzyme helicase must hack the hydrogen bond where the DNA â€Å"unzip† and â€Å"unwind† to establish two open template. DNA polymerase then replace the RNA primer by adding new complementary nucleotides to the templates by following the base pairing rules--A=T, C=G, G=C, and T=A. Once the process is complete, two new sisters DNA strand are produce identical to the original strand. 2. This template is an 6 amino acid (CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG ), where each codon is a triplet code for one amino acid. This template has to be transcript into (GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC) where it then can be translate into mRNA. The translation of mRNA shows each codon for a particular amino acid (GUA GAU UGG GGU CUC CUC). The new amino acid that has been translated can now be used to create haemoglobin protein (Val Asp Trp Gly Leu Leu). 3. GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC [Sickle Cell Anemia] GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC [Normal hemoglobin] CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG [Template Strand] In comparison of the template strand and normal cell with the sickle cell stand, there is a coding error on the second last triplet. The template strand has a GAG and normal response of CTC, however the sickle cellShow MoreRelatedTask1 Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Biochemistry Competence 208.5.1: DNA,RNA Nicole Seegmiller-Mott Western Governors University Abstract This a brief written report on the role of DNA, RNA and transmission on information within a cell to create amino acids. Biochemistry Competence 208.5.1: DNA,RNA DNA replication is an intricate process that requires many different proteins. Each protein preforms a very specific function in the creation of a new DNA strand. First helicase works by unwinding or dividing the original double helixRead MoreSimilarities and Dissimilarities in Transcription and Replication680 Words   |  3 Pagestranscription and replication Similarities. The similarities are the following: Both processes use similar nucleotide building blocks They use the same chemical method of attack on the same triphosphate group of an incoming nucleotide. The attack too is perpetrated by the -OH final group of the growing chain Both processes are perpetrated by the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate group that is released upon instigation of the attack. Differences between transcription and replication The differencesRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For Dna Replication?991 Words   |  4 Pagesit mean for DNA replication to be semi- conservative? Semiconservative replication means during DNA replication each DNA strand is used to make new template of DNA from the 2 parental strands of DNA (Thompson, Part 1: DNA Replication, 2014). During this replication is to ensure that the newly replicated cells have the same full set of DNA as the parent cells so the sequence will continue to work properly (Thompson, Part 1: DNA Replication, 2014). During the process of DNA replication, the strandsRead MoreStructure and Function of Nucleolus883 Words   |  4 PagesThe nucleolus (plural nucleoli) is a non-membrane bound structure. Composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus. Three major components of the nucleolus are recognized: the fibrillar centers (FC), the dense fibrillar components (DFC), and granular components (GC). The DFC consists of newly transcribed rRNA bound to ribosomal proteins, while the GC, contains rRNA bound to ribosomal proteins that are beginningRead MoreDna vs Rna783 Words   |  4 PagesComparison chart | DNA | RNA | Definition: | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms | RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information. | Job/Role: | Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic informationRead MoreDna Replication And The Cell Cycle1226 Words   |  5 Pagesthe division of cells is DNA replication. Without DNA replication, the new cells wouldn’t have DNA. So why is DNA so important? DNA is the basic blueprint of life, and it serves to tell the cells what to do, and what proteins to code for. Let’s take a deeper look into Bobby’s cell to see what fascinating events happens during DNA replication. DNA Replication The Cell Cycle Before Bobby’s cells enter the the stage of mitosis to divide, it goes through DNA replication. This process occurs in theRead MoreCh. 12 13 Dna Protein Synthesis Project. By Anthony1236 Words   |  5 PagesCh. 12 13 DNA Protein Synthesis Project By Anthony Li, Connor Farrell, John Koutsonikolis, and Tristan Funicelli (Tristan) # Describe the contributions of each of the following to the discovery of the structure of DNA - 1) Watson and Crick: Used Rosalind Franklin’s x-rays of DNA to conclude that DNA took the shape of a double helix. 2) Frederick Miescher: Used pus from infections to isolate nuclein. He found that nuclein had a unique ratio of phosphorous to nitrogen. 3) Oswald Avery: TestedRead MoreEssay about protien synthesis1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most minuscule mistake it can have monstrous effects. THE BASICS OF DNA AND GENES nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Protein synthesis first begins in a gene. A gene is a section of chromosome compound of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. Each DNA strand is composed of phosphate, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases or nucleotides. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA. They are (A)denine, (G)uanine, (T)hymine, (C)ytosine and they must be pairedRead MoreDna Replication And Its Effect On The Development Of Mutations1129 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: DNA replication is one of the fundamental processes involved with the central dogma and is instrumental in the development of mutations, alternations and others changes that allow the process of evolution to operate and proceed leading to the biodiversity. In the process proposed by Watson and Crick (1953), the double helix unwinds to expose the bases in each strand of the DNA , where each of the two separate strands act as the template or molecular mould for the synthesis of a new

The Impact of Bipolar Disorder on Work Performance

The Impact of Bipolar Disorder on Work Performance Abstract This paper explores the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder and the effect of bipolar disorder on work performance. Several articles were explored to define bipolar disorder and the disorder’s impact on work performance, the employer’s response and the vocational rehabilitative field response. Keywords: bipolar disorder, symptoms, work performance, co workers The Impact of Bipolar Disorder on Work Performance For people with psychiatric disabilities, symptoms of the disability often fluctuate between periods of remission and reoccurrence, which may interfere with workplace performance and relationships with coworkers (Banks, Charleston, Mank 2001).†¦show more content†¦Bipolar employees who exhibit manic symptoms within the work place may appear to have an excessive eagerness to take on numerous new tasks. Employees in a manic episode may feel they are capable of any undertaking. Thus, they may pressure superiors to for assignments which they are unqualified, offer advice to coworkers despite little knowledge of the topic area, or take on far too many assignments at one time (Montejano, Goetzel,Ozminkowski 2005). During a manic episode, people are usually overly talkative and their speech may be louder and more rapid than usual. They may also experience distractibility that could be noticed in the work place as an inability to focus on a conversation or work-rela ted task. Racing thoughts, which are characteristic of mania, may be manifested by frequent and sudden changes in topics of conversation, something referred to as flight ideas. A vast amount of individuals impacted by the bipolar disorder are of working age. Thus the disorder can affect the employer in terms of lost of productivity, financial cost, and work place stigma. Employers have reported that individuals with bipolar disorder had significantly more absences. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder missed an average of 18.9Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a fairly common, yet publicly uneducated topic. Bipolar disorder is a frequently repeated and progressive condition wherein one experiences at least one manic episode followed by at least one depressive episode. According to Ferri and Reus (2016), bipolar disorder could be caused from calcium dysregulation, an abnormality of GABA, and the G-protein-coupled receptor abnormality (p. 174). The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder is that it is a heritable condition in whichRead MoreThe Effects Of Bipolar Disorder On Individuals, Families And Society1109 Words   |  5 Pageswill be focusing on one of the more common mental illness — bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious medical condition that causes people to have extreme mood swings and these mood swings affect how people think, interact, behave and function (Bipolar Disorder, 2012). Research indicted that one to two percent of adults have bipolar disorder (Bip olar Disorder, 2012). Patients with bipolar disorder will also experience mania which are episodes of â€Å"severeRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Major Impact On The Social, Educational, And Occupational Development Of Individuals1729 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a highly intermittent illness often beginning in the critical life period of late adolescence and early adulthood. Bipolar disorder can have a major impact on the social, educational and occupational development of individuals. Psychotherapy has been found to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress, unhealthy thoughts, and unhealthy behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patientsRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment854 Words   |  4 Pagesor despair because of poor performance at work or school or a recent break up. These feelings also can be brought about by a serious medical condition known as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is when a person suffers from severe shifts in mood and energy. In most cases, bipolar disorder can be treated and people with the illness can live normal and productive lives with the help of medication and or therapy. Aiken, C. (2010). Family Experiences of Bipolar Disorder: The Ups, the Downs and theRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Bipolar Disorder And The Social Implications Associated With It1348 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalence of bipolar disorder and the social implications associated with it. Although there were a number of theorist that studied depression, Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist recognized that there were biological implications that attributed to mental illnesses. Kraepelin’s Manic Depressive Insanity and Paranoia outlined bipolar disorder. Years later another German psychiatrist by the name of Karl Leonhard started the professional classification system for the disorder. (http://wwwRead MoreEffective Instructional Practices For Students With Bipolar Disorder Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesEffective Instructional Practices for Educators Working with Students Afflicted with Bipolar Disorder Despite the advances in designing instructions for students with learning disabilities, a lot of educators across the country still face significant challenges in addressing the needs of students who suffer from behavioral and emotional disorders. To add to this existing conundrum, there are a lot of students exhibiting bipolar characteristics who remain undiagnosed. Despite the existing federal mandatesRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patient s Life1203 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Di sorder is one of the mostRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patients Life1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the mostRead MoreEmotional And Behavioral Disorders Impact Today s System Of Learning1459 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough centuries on the numerous types of emotional and behavioral disorders. From today s research of the disorders, mankind as a whole has a better understanding and can adapt to situations when under pressure of the existence of a disorder. Emotiona l and behavioral disorders impact today’s system of learning. Jean Cheng Gorman suggests from her research that having a deeper understanding of the emotional and behavioral disorders is the best way of maintaining the control of productive educationalRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Therapy1729 Words   |  7 Pagesis normal and abnormal. The word abnormal is defined as anything that is not typical or non-conforming. Abnormal psychology is a portion of psychology that focuses on abnormal behavior or psychopathology; it is the study of emotional and mental disorders and behaviors that hinder an individual from becoming acclimatized to life (Kowalski Westen, 2009). Factors that are assessed are based on, the anguish, dysfunction, threat, and divergence that could ultimately cause an individual to harm others

Precautions Transmission of Infectious Agents †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Precautions Transmission of Infectious Agents. Answer: Introduction Prostate cancer is known to develop when there is an abnormal growth of the cells in the prostate gland that is a rapid division of the cells than compared in a normal prostate which results in the formation of a malignant tumor. In Australia, prostate cancer has been diagnosed to be the most common cancer. Most of the people dying of cancer have been found to be the cause of prostate cancer which is surveyed to be third most common. By the age of 85, one out 5 men will be diagnosed to have prostate cancer (Day-Calder, 2016). In older men, it has been found to be the most common one in which 63 percent of the cases in men were diagnosed over the age of 65 years. In the current study, the case is regarding Mr. X who is suffering from prostate cancer and is diagnosed to be the in the last stage associated with multiple complications. To get relieved from urinary retention he is being treated with the indwelling catheter. Mr. X understanding towards the treatment is very poor so he tries to pull out the catheter frequently. This is the best for the new GRNs for whom it might be interesting on how to provide the nursing care effectively for such kind of patients and the type of treatment to be given who is suffering from end-stage of prostate cancer associated with multiple complications. Multiple radiations and chemotherapy treatment are given to the patient because Mr. X has been admitted many times as he is suffering from metastatic prostate cancer (Fordham-Barnes, 2014). But this time he is admitted with other complications like urinary retention, hematuria, and UTI. For treating this, they have to alleviate the secondary urinary retention to the fibrotic prostate so he was inserted with IDC. This is the primary treatment which was started in treating him as the patient was complaining of the pain in the lower abdomen because of the urinary retention, loss of appetite due to multiple chemotherapy treatments and radiations, feeling of nausea, and lethargies. Here the condition of the patient has been identified and accordingly multidisciplinary collaboration of specialists is required for combining all the expertise so that high-quality integrated treatment can be achieved. As the choice, of clinical priority collaborative care is the method of treatment which can focus on meeting these requirements (Gillen, 2014). It would be the great opportunity for newly graduated nursing students to get knowledge about these integrated treatments and collaborative interventions. Also, the can know the clinical priorities given to the patient and their responses along with the alternatives that are focused in this case. Critical analysis of the nursing and/or collaborative interventions The patient Mr. X has been currently admitted for the treatment of Urinary retention and Hematuria on a priority basis as this is the major problem that is giving pain to the patient (Haycock-Stuart, et al., 2015). So a number of collaboratively integrated treatments along with the nursing have been proposed for treating this patient and to get relieved from the pain such as catheterization, urinalysis, bladder drainage, urinary discharge, and safe discharge. Mr. X has been admitted for urinary retention so as a part of the initial management of the treatment acute urinary retention has to be managed by carrying out immediate and complete decompression of the bladder through the process of catheterization. The readily available standard transurethral catheters have been used which can be inserted easily. The patient has to be referred to the physician who is trained in the advanced techniques of catheterization immediately if urethral catheterization is unsuccessful. The other alternative nursing and collaborative techniques which have to be known by the newly graduated nurses are using of angulated coude catheter or placement of a firm (Jones-Berry, 2016). While treating, it has to be noted that some of the potential complications if rapid decompressions arise such as hematuria, hypertension, and post-obstructive diuresis. However, these complications cannot just be reduced by gradual bladder decompression and there is no evidence for th at. Hence Mr. X was further recommended for rapid and complete emptying of the bladder. For patients who are hospitalized will be requiring catheterization for a period of 14 days or less so nurses should take care and maintain the records of treatment of Mr. X. It is because urethral catheters impregnated with silver alloy is found to be associated with reduced rates if UTI versus the standard catheters. By doing catheterization for14 days the patient has shown less discomfort and bacteriuria. Currently, guidelines that are evidence-based are not available for bladder irrigation strategies and nurses have to consult the institution on CBI for standard operating procedures (Lavoie, et al., 2016). Due to the condition of Mr. X, he was advised with the bladder normal saline irrigation continuously through gravity alone for achieving the pink or clear urine. The nurse has to meanwhile monitor the color of the urine, patency, any presence of clots, and lack of leaking around the catheter and bowel function so that irrigation effectiveness can be assessed. Mr. X has also been diagnosed with gross hematuria along with urinary retention. So he was initially evaluated by aiming at the outlining of the anatomic origin of the hematuria and also the genitourinary tract. However, it would be lengthy to go for differential diagnosis since he was in the setting of illness that is advanced so for uncovering the probable sources it is necessary for the nurses to go through the history of the patient carefully and has to focus on the physical examination (MacLaren, et al., 2016). In most of the clinical circumstances, the hematuria might be progressive and recurrent so it might require quick urologic consultation and evaluation with the imaging studies subsequently as seen in case of Mr. X. In doing further treatment, the options such as cystoscopy, retrograde or intravenous pyelography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and or urography and the conventional tomography imaging that is computed can be carried out. At present, there are no guidelines that are evidence-based and state that any one of these suggested tests would be an idea in knowing the treatment. As there are no optimal imaging modalities all mentioned tests are done for Mr. X. A combination of cystoscopy and CT urography has been recommended to the patient by many experts for completely evaluating the entire GU tract (Nuutinen Rannos, 2013). It has been suggested to the patient by HPM and urological clinicians that instillation of lidocaine gel intraurethral will improve the control of pain from moderate to severe by undergoing cystoscopy that is flexible but the comfort does not improve if there is a delay before the scope of insertion. In this case the patient is advanced with his illness so as a part of the collaborative integrated treatment methods it is important to take into consideration the more extensive way of imaging or the invasive workup which has to be balanced with the goals of patient closely in terms of care, burden of symptoms, and prognosis overall. The severity of the bleeding and the facilitate patency of the outflow of the urinary has been assessed immediately by the clinicians as it is associated with the initial workup. In case of hematuria, the major potential emergency is the urethral obstruction (Oftedal, et al., 2017). Hence, in this case, the patient is held with the therapies of aspirin, drugs related to non-steroidal anti-inflammation, anticoagulation and antiplatelet conditions. These are the used temporarily for stabilizing the patient. The patient has been monitored for hemodynamic instability with the fluid infusion intravenously as it is was indicated to be necessary. The fairly straightforward treatment that is appropriate for the patient Mr. X is the management of POUR. For avoiding the long-term damage to the integrity and functioning of bladder it is aimed at decompressing the bladder. The first step is always to go for the immediate catheterization. Either with the placement of indwelling Foley catheter or within and out catheterization this treatment can be carried out (Osborne, 2014). However, it is easy to pace the indwelling Foley catheter but prolonged used of this method is not encouraged as it is associated with many drawbacks. When compared with intermittent catheterization it is better to go for indwelling catheters in this patient as it leads to increased rates of UTI. It is very important to make sure that there is a free drainage of urine so that urinary retention is avoided and ultimately leading to obstructive uropathy. Hence the patient here is suffering from hematuria so he has been carefully examined for making sure that there is not retention of urine after the treatment due to the formation of the clot. If the patient is able to pass the urine comfortably then he should be questioned about the presence of any clots in the flow of urine and if it is so then he should be asked about the clot size, and the difficulty he faced while passing through it. Clot retention has been noticed in the patient of Mr. X so the further treatment is recommended where it required the insertion of three-way Foley catheter which is similar to that of the standard two-way catheter (Page, et al., 2015). The presence of additional channels will be allowing the irrigation of the fluid to be passed through the bladder by clearing all the clots from the bleeding site . If the patient is not suffering from any kind of cardiovascular disorders than there is no reason to be an inpatient that is there would be no evidence of acute renal failure, retention of clots, sepsis, not able to take more amount of oral fluids, or social circumstances. After deciding that now it is safe for the patient to get discharged as he is treated for urinary retention and hematuria it is very much important in advising the patient with clear instructions on how to manage the hematuria in occurring again (Parisotto, et al., 2016). So Mr. X was suggested appropriately and was asked to seek further medical attention if he faces any complications He has been advised to take a lot of clear fluids so that plenty of urine can be flushed out through the urinary tract. This would be the best solution in treating hematuria and clear it off and prevent the formation of any type of clots and problem of urinary retention. In addition to this, the patient has been advised that if the accumulation of urine in permitted in the bladder after some point of time due to, for instance, insufficient intake of fluids then he can notice the darkening of hematuria or passage of small clots (Scanlon, 2014). Then it should be considered as the sign of worry and has to clear it off in few voidings if he starts taking an adequate intake of fluids. The catheterization was found to be successful for this patient so he has been discharged home after being examined with the urology follow up which was noticed to fit into the closed leg-bag foley system and he was educated in the management of catheter at home. After catheter therapy for preventing infection, the integrity of the catheter system that is closed is maintained and it has to be removed as soon as possible (Sinclair, Bowen Donkin, 2013). It is not required to use the routine prophylactic antibiotics because its use might promote the resistance and might lead to further complications. However, before discharge, a dose of oral antibiotic has been recommended as it was found to be appropriate for this patient X as the urinary catheters manipulation was excessive in this patient. If the patient is facing a systemic illness like hypertension, fever, or multiple comorbid medical conditions then he might require getting hospitalized again as he was facing multiple complications earlier too so it might lead to decompression (Sprinks, 2014). It is not necessary that by limiting the urine-emptying and gradual drainage the occurrence of hematuria after complete bladder emptying is most likely of little clinical significance. Reflection on future implications The current case study is regarding Mr. X who has been suffering from metastatic prostate cancer and is also associated with multiple complications. The patient has been admitted with urinary retention and hematuria who has been suffering from severe pain out of these complications. So here usually I found that diagnosis is self-evident (Van der Berg Daniels, 2013). The patient was found to be very much uncomfortable in passing the urine and he was facing difficulty in doing so. However, diagnosing is such conditions are necessary. The history of the patient is closely examined and the cause of such complications has been identified. The patient is treated with multiple treatments available such as catheterization, bladder drainage, urinary discharge, etc. and finally he was relieved from the pain and was discharged. While discharging he was given necessary advice and suggestions of proper intake of fluids so that the reoccurrence of this problem will be low in future. It has been found that medications will play a significant role in treating the patients with urinary retention and hematuria (Vincent, et al., 2014). Research has been carried out extensively and many of the clinical studies have supported that as a part of the first line of medical therapy pharmacological agents will play a role. Within the staff of nursing, the catheterization of the urinary bladder is found to be an exclusive procedure of the nurse which will be requiring enough practice and scientific knowledge has to be performed. It can be explained as the drainage of the urine by introducing the catheter into the urethra so that it reaches the interior of the urinary bladder. It has to be handled carefully by the nurses as the improper handling might be a discomfort to the patient. Accordingly, in the urethra, the length of the stay and the intervals between the process the urinary catheterization can be labeled as relieving (West, et al., 2017). It has been reported that among the key complications of the procedure is the urinary tract infection. So, the nursing practice should be appropriate not to make patients fall into such cases. References Day-Calder, M. (2016). Student life-How to relay complex information to patients: As a student you need to practise breaking complicated information down into comprehensible chunks.Nursing Standard,31(13), 33-33. Fordham-Barnes, A. (2014). Referral to the Nursing and Midwifery Council Fitness to Practise Committee. InConference Paper. Faculty of Health, Graduate School Conference (June). Birmingham City University. Gillen, S. (2014). Staff in state of'heightened anxiety'over fitness to practise proposals.Nursing Standard,28(32). Haycock-Stuart, E., James, C., McLachlan, A., MacLaren, J. (2015).Students' and Mentors' Understandings of Fitness to Practise Processes in Pre-Registration Nursing Programmes in Scotland(Doctoral dissertation, These Terrifying Three Words". NHS Education Scotland (NES)(www. nes. scot. nhs. uk)). Jones-Berry, S. (2016). NMC to examine impact of fitness to practise hearings: Action is promised by regulator after a Nursing Standard investigation reveals nurses accused of misconduct can suffer a mental health crisis.Nursing Standard,30(46), 12-13. Lavoie, M., Godin, G., Vzina-Im, L. A., Blondeau, D., Martineau, I., Roy, L. (2016). Psychosocial determinants of nurses intention to practise euthanasia in palliative care.Nursing ethics,23(1), 48-60. MacLaren, J., Haycock-Stuart, E., McLachlan, A., James, C. (2016). Understanding pre-registration nursing fitness to practise processes.Nurse education today,36, 412-418. Nuutinen, T., Rannos, S. (2013). Welcome to practise in gastroenterogical wards: An Orientation Guide for Exchange Nursing Students. Oftedal, B., Kolltveit, B. C. H., Zoffmann, V., Hrnsten, ., Graue, M. (2017). Learning to practise the Guided Self?Determination approach in type 2 diabetes in primary care: A qualitative pilot study.Nursing Open. Osborne, K. (2014). Are nurses ready for revalidation? Katie Osborne asks if some nurses will struggle to meet new fitness to practise requirements.Nursing Standard,29(3), 22-23. Page, S., Warwick, C., Hughes, A., Davies, J., Beach, J. (2015). We urge early engagement with the fitness to practise process.Nursing Standard,29(28), 32-32. Parisotto, M. T., Pelliccia, F., Grassmann, A., Marcelli, D. (2016). SP506IS DIALYSIS NURSING PRACTISE ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESSFUL CANNULATION OF NATIVE ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS AND GRAFTS?.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,31(suppl 1), i262-i262. Scanlon, C. (2014). Where should aesthetic nurses practise? An evaluation of national health guidelines.Journal ofAESTHETlC NURSING March,3(2). Sinclair, P. M., Bowen, L., Donkin, B. (2013). Professional nephrology nursing portfolios: maintaining competence to practise.Renal Soc. Aust. J.,9, 35-40. Sprinks, J. (2014). The new system will differ from PREPit will be fit for purpose New revalidation requirements judging fitness to practise come into force at the end of next year, but nurses should start preparing early, reports Jennifer Sprinks.Nursing Standard,28(40), 14-15. Van der Berg, L. S., Daniels, F. M. (2013). Do nursing students know and practise the Universal Precautions to prevent transmission of infectious agents?.curationis,36(1), 1-7. Vincent, E., Hopkins, C., Athey, D., Brathwaite, B. (2014). Readers panel. Practise what you preach.Nursing Standard,28(33). West, E., Nayar, S., Taskila, T., Al-Haboubi, M. (2017). The progress and outcomes of black and minority ethnic (BME) nurses through the Nursing and Midwifery Council's" Fitness to Practise" process.

Is It Possible for Managers to Reduce Inequality in Business Organizations

Introduction: When Equality Is at Risk. Organizational Culture Discussed so far and wide that the issue should have been worn out the next day it was brought up, inequality in workplace still remains one of the greatest problems in the present-day world. No matter how hard it is to admit it, the instances of people’s rights infringement occur on a daily basis in some companies, which is why inequality I business organizations is worth bringing up once again.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Possible for Managers to Reduce Inequality in Business Organizations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite all the attempts to reach equality on all levels, whether cultural, social, or biological, people still have to face the harsh light of reality; according to the results of the recent researches, inequality is still on the agenda of the modern entrepreneurships. However, with the help of efficient manageme nt, the solution to the problem can be found. While avoiding inequality completely hardly seems possible, bringing its rates down is still within the powers of the company managerial. Taking a Retrospective: Where Inequality Stems from Before going any further, it is necessary to locate the root of the problem. In the given case, the inequality issue has been obviously spawned by a number of prejudices against a certain type of employees. By and large, inequality in the workplace is mostly a result of setting the wrong atmosphere among the staff and enhancing wrong attitudes. Though occasionally stemming from a specific conflict or initiated by a specific person who consciously discriminates against a certain type of people (Banerjee, 2008), workplace segregation is usually a result of the lack of care towards building the right atmosphere within the team. Taking a closer look at the enhancers of segregation moods in a team of employees, one can possibly find the way to put a stop t o workplace discrimination. Leadership issues: taking the wrong turn The fist reason for any discrimination is a very weak and insufficient leadership (Cooke, 2003). Left without a leader, a team is likely to structure their relationships in their own way. Depending on the type of relationships between the members, the need in a â€Å"scapegoat† might appear. Organizational culture: it is the HRM to blame One of the greatest problems of the HRM personnel is the inability to embrace the needs and wants of every single member of the staff. As Jackal (1988) explains, â€Å"Many managerial decisions are routine ones based on well-established and generally agreed upon procedures† (Jackal, 1988, 77). When rivalry rates hit the roof: envy as the root of all evil Another thing that is most likely to hinder the development of a more friendly attitude towards the social outcasts in the team of office workers is the result of the process defined by psychologists as the â€Å"mir ror stage†: â€Å"The mirror defines an essentially competitive, rivalrous relationship both to self and others; and in this sense the mirror stage identifications found an interest in the control and domination of others† (Roberts, 2001, 110).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thence, it can be considered that the relationships based on rivalry, which are inherited at an early age, rule people’s lives in the future and set the behavioral models for adults in their workplaces. As Roberts explains, â€Å"At the same time, with the mistaken identification of self with the image of self, a new vulnerability is created at the level of self-identity; a narcissistic preoccupation with the potentially ‘existence confirming’ (or annihilating) look of the other† (Roberts, 2001, 110). The Means to Fight Inequality: The Right Thing to Do Breaking t he rules that have been set in a team unofficially is extremely hard. Therefore, it is clear that the process of eliminating any traces of discrimination within a team of employees is going to take a lot of time and effort. Hence, a good leader and a strong, well thought-out strategy must be developed to encourage the change and defeat inequality within a team of colleagues. As it has been mentioned, a lot of resistance is expected because of two reasons. First, people are not prone to rapid changes, and, second, the fact that someone is being discriminated against is the fact that the rest of the team has already built a specific hierarchy. Destroying the latter means that a new one has to be created, which is a very hard effort to make. Changing the leadership strategy: ruling with an iron fist Though often taken for granted, the leader’s persona plays an immensely great role in the development of relationships within a certain group of employees (Fineman Gabriel, 1996). A s a matter of fact, a leader often does toned any legends to back his/her authority with – the mere fact of being the head of a department/office/any other working team makes people feel subordinate towards the person in question. Indeed, according to what Gabriel (1997) says, â€Å"To many people in the lower echelons of organizations, top leaders do not appear altogether human, not at least in the sense that colleagues or immediate superiors are† (Gabriel, 1997, p. 316). Therefore, shaping the leadership strategy and changing it from merely establishing moral standpoints to actually sharing a positive attitude (Watson, 2003). Setting an example: the power of authority Enhancing morality within the team, however, can result in a complete failure unless the persona of the leader leaves an impact on all those involved. There are some issues with the given decision, however, which are worth being discussed. To start with, it is quite hard to believe that most people will follow the rules set by a person who has just recently become the company leader. Moreover, even with a person who has been an authority for a considerable time, it is hard to believe that the employees will willingly accept the moral values that are going to be imposed on them instead of the traditional ones. However, Zimbargo et al. assert that a true leader can change not only the way people act, but also the way they think, thus, shaping their attitudes and behavior:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Possible for Managers to Reduce Inequality in Business Organizations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although many participants dissented, saying that they didn’t want to give electric shocks to the learner, some even crying at the prospect of what they thought they were doing to that poor victim, only a minority of the participants actually disobeyed and stopped pressing the shock keys (Zimbargo e t al., 2000, 219). It is out of question that a leader can not only make people behave in a certain way, but also convince them that what they are made to do is actually for their own good. Thus, even in the place where certain discriminatory issues exits, with the right course set by the right person, any segregation moods will soon disappear. Self-development as the ultimate answer There is no need to explain that, unless the leader of a certain group shows an example, no one is ever going to change their attitudes. Therefore, the aspect of self-development is crucial for a manager who wants his/her team to overcome certain discrimination issues in the workplace. According to the existing evidence, the importance of self for a leader must not be underrated. As Jackson and Carter explain, people are â€Å"adaptive and genious† (Jackson Carter, 2000, 144) for the most part, which means that they can change if the leader wants them to. At this point, however, it is necessary to reconsider the significance of self for the manager and for the team. While it is essential for the leader of the team to prove his/her point with the help of his/her influence, thus, reclaiming his/her authority, the self of the employees somewhat fades into the background. On the one hand, the given phenomenon is quite undesirable, since it diminishes the significance of the employees for the organization. On the other hand, however, the given situation allows the company manager to solve the existing conflict and stamp his/her authority most efficiently to put a stop to any sort of discrimination among the employees. The Probable Pitfalls: Breaking the Undercover Rules However, as one might have expected, fighting the existing discriminatory attitudes in a company is quite difficult even for a company manager. However, knowing is half the battle – once the basic problems that a manager can possibly face while fighting discrimination among the employees are outlined, it is possible to fight them efficiently. Learning the key issues, one will be able to handle any conflict within the shortest amount of time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Against the mob rule: when employees do not want change Naturally, there will be quite a few people who will accept the changes willingly. Therefore, one of the greatest obstacles on the way for a manager to overcome the discriminatory attitudes in the team and set the course for cooperation and non-confrontational attitudes among the employees will be people’s unwillingness to change. It can be argued that with a proper motivation, though, people will change their manner of treating the less fortunate members of the team in an appropriate way. Still, going against the power of the mob, one will have to use a proper leadership tactics, which only a person with appropriate leadership skills can handle. As Jackson and Carter stress, Yet there is, within the theory and the practicing of managing organizational behaviour, an extraordinarily strong emphasis on the requirement for employees not to have instrumental attitudes but, on one hand, to be loyal and committed to the organi zation for itself and, on the other hand, to find gratification in this loyalty and commitment – to be, for example, satisfied by intrinsic, rather than extrinsic, rewards. (Jackson Carter, 2000, p. 149) Hence, there are reasons to believe that it is natural for employees to strive for their own intrinsic rewards; however, as Jackson and Carter stress, with the right motivation, a leader can inflict an immediate defeat to the existing discrimination moods in the team. Organizational culture vs. company revenues It is hard to ignore the fact that a company is headed towards getting revenues, while the relationships between the people involved in the business serve as a power enhancer in the business venture (Linstead, Fullop Lilley, 2009). Therefore, the relationships are not a priority, but the tool with the help of which a company can help the employees reach mutual understanding and, thus, make sure that the production process is not hindered by misunderstandings of any k ind. As Roberts (2001) commented on the issue, In competing for the recognition of the value of the self in these terms, the person is individualized such that all relationships – with self, colleagues, and subordinates –come to be seen solely as means or obstacles to securing â€Å"success† in the eyes of the market. (Roberts, 2001, 110) Therefore, the choice between introducing strong moral values and enhancing the efficiency of the employees is often rather hard. Once the emphasis is on the company morals and values, the efficiency of the production process might be hindered. Conclusion: When Efficient Leaderships Tips the Scales Taking into the account the fact that the personnel needs efficient guidance, as it has been shown in the previous paragraph, one can come to the conclusion that a strong leader can save the day, solving the existing conflicts. In the given case, the leader is supposed to face an especial challenge, both establishing him-/herself as a powerful authority and as a person who is going to represent the voice of morality in the team. Hence, it must be admitted that the job of resolving inequality issues within a specific organization is an extremely challenging task. The management will have to go into great lengths to convince the staff to follow the newly established morality principles and to treat the ones who were discriminated against with due dignity and respect. However, once the measures described above are taken, one will be able to reduce the instances of discrimination to zero. Reference List Banerjee, S B 2008, â€Å"Neocapitalism,† Organization Studies, no. 29, pp. 1541-1563. Cooke, B 2003, â€Å"The denial of slavery in management studies,† Journal of Management Studies, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1895-1918. Fineman, S Gabriel, Y 1996, â€Å"The gods,† in S Fineman Y Gabriel (ed), Experiencing organizations, SAGE, Stamford, CT, pp. 60-72. Gabriel, Y 1997, â€Å"Meeting God: when organ izational members come face to face with the supreme leader,† Human Relations, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 315-342. Jackal, R 1988, â€Å"Looking up and looking around,† in Robert Jackal (ed), Moral mazes: the world of corporate managers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 75-100. Jackson, N Carter, P 2000, â€Å"Self,† in N Jackson P Carter (eds) Rethinking organizational behavior: a poststructuralist framework, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 143-167. Linstead, S, Fullop, L, Lilley, S 2009, Management and organization, 2nd edn, Palgrave McMillan, New York, NY. Roberts, J 2001, â€Å"Corporate governance and the ethics of Narcissus,† Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 109-127. Watson, T J 2003, â€Å"Ethical Choice in managerial work: the scope for moral choices in an ethically irrational world,† Human Relations, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167-185. Zimbargo, P G et al. 2000, â€Å"Reflections on the Stanford Prison experiment: genesis, transformations, consequences,† in T Blass (Ed) Obedience to authority: current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm, Taylor Francis, New York, NY, pp. 193-257. This essay on Is It Possible for Managers to Reduce Inequality in Business Organizations? was written and submitted by user Harvey Cole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Limited Essay Example

NTUC FairPrice Co NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Limited Essay NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Limited Essay NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Limited is one of Singapore’s largest chains of supermarkets, department stores and convenience stores. It was founded in 1973 by the Singaporean labor union with the objective of influencing Singapore’s high cost of living through the implementation of regulated pricing on many everyday consumer goods. Currently, FairPrice’s vast 130-outlet supermarket chain includes concepts like FairPrice Finest, Fairprice Xtra and Fairprice Supermarkets. Meanwhile, Fairprice also maintains two convenience store lines namely: FairPrice Express and Cheers- with both having a combined network of more than 150 branches. In response to the growing demand for online shopping, the company has also launched FreshPrice Online- a web platform that enables shoppers to buy their groceries online and have them delivered straight to their homes. FairPrice’s multiple and diverse selling channels enable them to serve more than half a million customers on a daily basis (FairPrice, 2017). According to Bloomberg (2017), FairPrice’s outlets offer mainly products like food items, beverages, frozen goods, fresh produce, alcohol, toiletries, health and beauty items and other similar merchandise. Aside from its regular retail and grocery operation, the company also maintains warehousing, trading and distribution businesses. PESTEL Analysis Political Factors Political factors pertain to the degree of influence and capacity of governments to intervene in the operations of businesses through public policy, tax laws, import and export restrictions and other trade regulations (Aguilar, 1967). Singapore, being a largely commercial and highly urbanized country, is mostly unable to grow its own agricultural products that are needed in the production of food and beverage goods. This being the case, the country is largely dependent on international trade with countries like the United States, Australia, a large part of Europe and the Middle East. The country maintains a relatively open economy- being able to conduct business with the aforementioned countries with minimal sanctions and restrictions. In fact, the Singaporean government does not impose any import taxes on most food and beverage products with the exception of tobacco and alcoholic goods. The government’s openness on international trade may implicate a great advantage for FairPrice whose merchandise are primarily imported food and beverage goods (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2015). Economic Factors Economic factors pertain to key trends concerning consumer’s disposable income, general unemployment levels, interest rates, inflation rates and other economic indicators that can affect a populace’s willingness and ability to buy and to consume goods (Aguilar, 1967). According to Tang (2017), despite the general slowdown of the Singaporean economy in the recent years, the country achieved higher than expected economic growth in the final quarters of 2016. In fact, Singapore’s economy expanded by 1. 8 percent from 2015 to 2016. The country’s gross domestic product also grew by at least 9. % during the final quarter of the year. While this proves to be a positive sign for the economy, he still warns that 2017 may be marred with dismal business growth and a lack of consumer confidence as the Singaporean economy may get affected by the continued weakening of the Euro, the slowdown of the Chinese economy and the protectorate stance of the Trump administration. These events along with the fact that Singapore continues to be one of Asia’s most expensive cities to live in can cause great concern for customers and may seriously affect their ability to spend on consumer goods. Social Factors Social factors primarily pertain to the general behavior and mindset of a group of consumers. Particularly, it can pertain to their current set of preferences as dictated by their demographic profile, psychographic dispositions and the presence of new trends in the market (Aguilar, 1967). Singapore’s populace is generally characterized by a highly productive and fast-paced workforce. In fact, Singaporeans are known to clock in an average of 46 working hours per week- one of the highest in the world (Ministry of Manpower, 2015). This may have led many customers to develop of culture of convenience- opting for activities and services that can help them save time and be more productive. Firstly, this could mean a sustained increase for demand of instant and easily prepared food items. Secondly, it could also mean that more and more users are open to trying and subscribing to their online platform. Technological Factors Technological factors pertain to the advancements that can significantly improve a business’ internal and external operations. They may pertain to new discoveries that can help create new products or services or to new innovations that can streamline systems and costs (Aguilar, 1967). Being a highly urbanized society, the Singaporean market has become highly dependent on technology. This includes grocery shopping. In a study conducted by Shandwick (2014) about general grocery shopping behavior, more than 60% of the respondents claimed to prefer buying instant and readily prepared meals and goods. In the same year, more than 200,000 shoppers bought their groceries online to be able to save time and effort in shopping for their everyday needs (Jenner, 2016). This could imply a huge opportunity to grow FreshPrice Online. Environmental Factors Environmental factors pertain to the general attitude of customers and the stance of the government when it comes to preservation of the natural environment. The company may be affected by laws on waste management, energy consumption regulations, general environment protection sanctions and even the public’s perception on a company’s responsiveness to environmental issues. According to National Environment Agency (2017), Singapore’s daily solid waste output has reached 8,400 tons a day- marking an eight-fold increase from its waste output from the 1970s. This continuously increasing trend has forced the Singaporean government to implement a more systematic public waste collection scheme and a more stringent illegal dumping law. Being one of the largest producers of solid food waste in the country, FairPrice took a proactive stance and led the implementation of the Food Waste Index that essential measures and tracks the waste the company produces on a periodic basis. It is the first step towards the implementation of other key initiatives (Zero Waste Singapore, 2015). Legal Factors Legal factors pertain to the stringency of the government and other governing bodies in key aspects of business operations. These factors may cover employment regulations, workplace safety requirements, product testing procedures, anti-trust laws, competitive regulations and other similar factors. According to Shaffer (2013), Singapore’s fairly controversial position of limiting the influx of foreign laborers in the country had significant detrimental effects on many food and retail establishments. Since as much as 40% of Singapore’s population can be considered foreigners, the government’s stance has cut businesses’ access to affordable labor- hampering their ability to expand swiftly. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants (Low) The threat of new entrants in any industry implicates the possibility of losing market share to new players, hence having to split returns and profits amongst many competitors (Porter, 1985). In the case of FairPrice, the threat of new entrants can be considered low. Firstly, entering the supermarket and grocery industry requires substantially large capital to be devoted to the purchase of expensive real estate, building and infrastructure requirements as well as the different facilities and fixtures used in day to day operations. The business will also require huge investments in inventories, warehousing and wages for the labor force. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate) The bargaining power of buyers implies the customer’s influence and capability to put pressure on the company to make changes in their strategies (Porter, 1985). In the case of FairPrice, this can be considered only moderately threatening. For instance, individual customers purchase in relatively small quantities which create a fairly insignificant portion of the company’s total sales. The decisions of one customer may prove immaterial in the long run. However, in the unlikely scenario where FairPrice decides to increase prices or suffers from the poor service of their personnel, it is not impossible for customers to opt for different supermarkets. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Low) Likewise, the bargaining power of suppliers pertains to their ability to put pressure and influence the strategic decisions of a company. Because of the scale of FairPrice’s operations, the bargaining power of suppliers can be considered significantly low. Suppliers may prove to be very careful in negotiating and doing business with a client of over a hundred branches as they may be easily replaced with a different brand. In fact, FairPrice may have enough leverage to demand the lowest prices and the biggest margins from its many suppliers. Threat of Substitutes (Moderate) The threat of substitutes pertains to the propensity of current customers to try out alternative products and services (Porter, 1985). In the case of FairPrice, this can be considered as a moderate threat. On one hand, online shopping has yet to capture a significant portion of the market to be considered highly threatening. However, the threat for substitutes can be considered relatively high in some product lines that FairPrice is carrying such as alcoholic beverages, hair care products, cosmetics and others similar goods. Customers may easily opt to purchase them in other shops such as liquor shops, drugstores and the like. Competitive Rivalry (High) FairPrice has equally popular and trusted competitors in the likes of Dairy Farm Singapore, Sheng Siong and Cold Storage (Singapore Business Review, 2012). Because the prices for consumer goods are relatively transparent and easily comparable, small variations in pricing can cause customers to prefer a competitor over another. Besides the proximity of the grocery stores from their residences or offices, there is very little motivation to keep customers loyal to a single line of grocery. Management Recommendations Prioritization of FairPrice Online While it can be said that there is still minimal demand for online grocery shopping, the steadily increasing adoption rates and customer usage suggest that the channel can be a significant contributor to sales in the next few years. If FairPrice could occupy and dominate the online grocery shopping market first, it may help avert tight competition in the future. It may be an opportune time for FairPrice to invest heavily in marketing their platform through the use of social media, in-store advertising through their shops and subsidized promotions amongst many other options to try and raise the adoption level amongst Singaporeans. Creating and Improving Customer Loyalty Programs The Five Forces Analysis reveals that while FairPrice can be considered one of the stronger players in the grocery market, it is still susceptible from losing customers due to tight competition. One way to address such an issue is improve the already-existing NTUC Plus Card which entitled frequent buyers to rebates. Instead of just offering rebates, allowing loyal customers to choose from a wider range of rewards like free travel, discounted spa treatments, and other lifestyle-based rewards could prove compelling. In addition, FairPrice could tie up with leading electronics, luxury or fashion brands and have them offer exclusive deals to the most loyal customers. Maximizing Environmental Programs FairPrice’s proactive stance on environmental programs could be a source of sustainable competitive advantage. FairPrice may invest in a full-blown department solely devoted in studying its environmental and waste footprint and finding ways to reduce them through technology. Firstly, such an investment can pay off in savings from avoiding waste products. Secondly, FairPrice can strengthen the reputation of its brand. Reinforcement of Concepts’ Branding While the FairPrice brand remains popular and distinct, the concepts under it like FairPrice Xtra and FairPrice Fresh amongst others may benefit from further brand building. By differentiating and specializing each one, they could occupy different spaces in the market and further reinforce the market leadership of FairPrice. A good start could be the launch and maintenance of separate marketing communications campaigns for each one. Conclusion The PESTEL Analysis reveals a relatively favorable external environment for the continuous growth of Fair Price. Despite the underperformance of the economy, the Singaporean government remains very supportive of major business activities like importation and exportation. Technological advancement has made it easier to cope with an ever-changing changing customer profile and preference. And by taking a proactive stance, FairPrice is able to manage most environmental and legal issues surrounding their business. On the other hand, the Five Forces Analysis reveals the innate strength of the FairPrice brand and organization. With the large scale and span of its operations, FairPrice is susceptible to few risk factors aside from the perennially tight competition amongst players.

Personal Responsibility

Personal Responsibility Personal Responsibility and College SuccessCorinne BunceGen/200October 20, 2014Dale McCurdyPersonal Responsibility and College Dropouts PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1 PAGE 5Personal Responsibility and College SuccessCorinne BunceGen/200October 20, 2014Dale McCurdyPersonal Responsibility and College DropoutsAccording to The National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, 45.5 % of students in colleges in the U.S. don't finish a bachelor' degree in under 6 years (2014). It may be easy to speculate why they don't; however, in this essay I plan to present the idea that lack of personal responsibility is the main factor that leads to college dropouts, and having personal responsibility leads to success in college as well as careers. Some people are generally nervous to take blame for shortcomings or weaknesses for fear of being criticized. When you take personal responsibility for your actions you leave room for growth and success. Personal responsibility is the key to college success.Personal responsibility is the key to college success.Personal responsibility to me is being able to hold yourself accountable to things that are within your power.US Navy 090610-N-8848T-551 Navy Junior ROTC cadets...For instance, if you do not meet a deadline do to poor planning and receive a unsatisfactory grade, someone that takes personal responsibility would learn from their mistake and plan ahead next time. College success takes motivation, organization, and a willingness to grow from mistakes. Researchers for the Association of American Colleges and Universities did a survey of 23 campuses, including over 23,000 undergraduate students and over 9,000 campus professionals on personal responsibility. They used the "Personal and Social Responsibility Institutional Inventory" (PSRII) in Fall 2007 to assess the campus environment along five dimensions of personal and social responsibility: (1) Striving for excellence; (2) Cultivating personal and academic integrity; (3) Contributing to a larger community; (4) Taking seriously the perspectives of others; and (5) Developing competence in ethical and...

Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Blog - Essay Example Janissaries were a formidable fighting force of the Ottomans which gave the Ottomans enormous advantage over the European forces. Gradually, firearms, infantry drill, muskets, grenades and hand cannons were introduced which further strengthened the Janissary corps. However, the original organization was strong enough to adopt these advancements. There were infantry and cavalry soldiers. The infantry was divided into seven groups: janissaries, recruits, armorers, artillerymen, artillery carries, bombardiers and sewermen. All of these groups, formed by Turkish yongmen, were strong enough to provide the military with a tough corps. Hence, it is concluded that the military should have a robust organizational structure first of all, so that it is resilient enough to adopt newer ways, tools and equipment. Although, it is also true that without the introduction and adoption of firearms, muskets, and etcetera, the Janissaries would have ended up much sooner than they did, however, the import ance of organizational structure cannot be denied as with any other field of

Alternative Methods of Involvement of Employees in Decision Making Essay

Alternative Methods of Involvement of Employees in Decision Making - Essay Example Managers today are under pressure to engage employees in all aspects of their jobs. Generally, they must find ways to engage employees so they will stay working in the organization. Without engagement, many employees begin to slack in their duties (Farndale, van Ruiten, Killiher & Hope-Hailey, 2011; Gupta, 2011; Liu, Listen-Heyes & Ko, 2010). Companies are pressed to find alternative ways of engaging employees to motivate them to stay. Part of this engagement happens when employees have a voice in the decision making process. When they have a voice and understand that their ideas and opinions are valued and often taken into consideration when large decisions are made, the individuals have a better time of staying with the organisation. Employee Decision Making and Retention One of the ways to retain employees is to give them an opportunity to provide information about change and opportunities for advancement. Many employees bring their most creative and innovative ideas when they fee l they have the opportunity to be heard. Chen, Ployhart et al. (2011) studied the issue of employee turnover and why this often happened. They found that an employee’s job satisfaction is central to whether they stay in on organisation or whether they leave. Part of job satisfaction came from the employee’s perception of their control within their job. Control was often felt by the opportunity to take part in specific decisions as they happened. ... (2011) add to this discussion on voice because they suggest that employees have more commitment to the organisation when they perceive that their voice is being heard. They also found that this perception was directly related to whether employees developed trust in senior management. The authors state that the employee must have a psychological attachment to the organization and its values. This means that employees must be actively involved with decision making and there must be an â€Å"exchange relationship† which means a â€Å"one party provides a benefit to the other, thereby causing an obligation to respond by providing something beneficial †¦ â€Å"(Farndale et al., 2011, p. 115). In an exchange relationship in the organisation, employee voice is heard on a regular basis. The positive aspects of treating employees as stakeholders is that it makes them feel valued, makes them create a stronger commitment to the organisation and motivates them to contribute (Wilkin son and Fay, 2011). With employees as active participants in the decision making process, the managers would become more accountable in their financial practices as well as in their accounting of what they were charged to do (Chilosi and Damiani 2007). Some of the challenges to this method include that some employees may feel they do not have to work as hard because they are important to the organisation, and this attitude can lead to a lessening of productivity. Also, employees involved as stakeholders could create a challenge for outsiders who come into the firm to bring their assistance because they would know as much as the insiders. In some cases, managers can become disgruntled because they may perceive that they do not have as much power because all employees have a say (Chilosi and Damiani 2007).

Quest for Manhood Malcolm X Essay Example for Free

Quest for Manhood Malcolm X Essay Manhood is when a boy takes the leap from being a child to a true man. People say that leap happens at different times for every boy. People can tell it happens because they stop acting foolishly and deal with matters by themselves. The four stories The Autobiography of Malcolm X, â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, â€Å"The Man Who Killed a Shadow†, and â€Å"Almos’ a Man† all deal with African American boys and them becoming true men. The literature of Richard Wright and Malcolm X illustrate how African American males encountered much difficulty in asserting their manhood while living within the racist society of the 1930’s and 1940’s. Racism denied African American males the opportunity to gain economic power. In â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, the young African American boy gets a job in a factory. He works with white men and wants to learn more. One day he is told that the factory is â€Å"a white man’s work†¦and [he] better watch [him] self! † (241) The white men feel he is threatening their job even though he is just trying to support his family. They threaten him and make him quit his job. Unlike the young boy who already has a job, Malcolm X moves to Boston to search for a new job. During Malcolm X, Malcolm decides his life would be better if he moves in with his sister. He was walking through the city and noticed these people were â€Å"only a big city version of those successful Negro bootblacks and janitors back in Lansing† (42). Janitors and bootblacks were considered successful jobs for African Americans where that job for a white man would be around middle to lower class. Blacks don’t even have a chance at a good job like a lawyer or doctor. â€Å"The Man with a Shadow† is about an African American man growing up in life. He is working as a janitor and his boss has legs spread wide open and her panties showing. He is embarrassed and refuses to clean under her desk. The boss becomes angry and screams, â€Å"‘You’re being paid to clean, You black nigger†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (232). The black man feels real embarrassed and gets yelled at for not cleaning the same area again. He feels as if he is being treated like a slave. Also being called the N word is real offensive for African Americans. He has to quit because he accidentally killed the librarian. Economic power is one step in leading men to manhood, but exercising one’s freedom is also an important step. Racism prevented African American males from exercising their autonomy. In â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, the young African American boy has a job and is making a delivery. He is on his back to the store when â€Å"a police car, swerving toward [him], jammed [him] into the curbing† (244). Blacks in this time period were treated unfairly. He is just trying to do his job and even the cops wouldn’t let blacks exercise their own independence. Whites put fear into blacks in all different kinds of settings during this time period, from work places to social settings. During Malcolm X, Malcolm is in a theatre watching a show. When the show started, Malcolm â€Å"was the only Negro in the theatre†¦[and] felt like crawling under a rug† (33). People go to theatres all the time and shouldn’t be forced to feel uncomfortable while in them. Malcolm wants to watch the show, but since the country was so racist and he was the only black, he felt weird and wanted to leave. Later on in the book, Malcolm is thinking about what he wanted to do for his job. â€Å"Lansing certainly had no negro lawyers or doctors,† something he may have wanted to be (38). He wants to be successful in life, but as he recalls there are zero lawyers or doctors in Lansing. This quote shows that because of race alone, blacks can’t use their autonomy and get a job they aspire to be. Finding their independence was hard enough, but trying to protect each other was even harder. Racism would not allow African American males to defend themselves or others. The young boy in â€Å"The Ethics of a Living Jim Crow† is at a store working when an old woman gets beat. â€Å"They would not beat me if I knew enough to keep my mouth shut† even though they beat that old black lady (243). The white workers beat an old black lady for not paying her bill. He could not defend the old lady because he knew the whites would hurt him if I tried to help her. Later on in the story, a security guard slaps a fellow black female employee on the butt. The African American man feels embarrassed for letting his friend get slapped on the butt. The employee who got slapped says, â€Å"‘Don’t worry, you couldn’t help it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (246). This quote shows that blacks had no chance to defend others because if they did, the whites would just beat them even more. The girl knows they can’t do anything about it and tells him not to worry. From white security guards to racist groups such as the KKK, whites could do basically whatever they want to do to blacks at this time. At the very beginning of Malcolm X, the KKK is at Malcolm’s house. They were surrounding the house, â€Å"brandishing their shotguns and rifles† (1). The KKK is around the house with weapons wanting Malcolm’s father to leave town. He had no way to defend himself because they had all weapons. Many people and organizations in town, and even the police are corrupt and don’t like the blacks. Part of being a man is defending others and the whites would not let them do this at this time. The four stories show how black males had different obstacles to overcome in gaining their manhood while living in the racist society during the mid 1900’s. The boys in all the stories had problems they encountered on their way to finding their manhood. They couldn’t gain economic power, exercise their autonomy, or defend themselves and others. The 30’s and 40’s were a bad time for African Americans to live in, but as the years have gone on, minorities have gained more rights in America. With the help of groups such as the NAACP, blacks have more rights than ever. Barack Obama, the United States President and Tiger Woods, the world’s most popular athlete are both examples of how far African Americans have come.

Creation Science and Intelligent Design :: essays research papers

There continue to be numerous efforts to introduce creationism in US classrooms. One strategy is to declare that evolution is a religion, and therefore it should not be taught in the classroom either, or that if evolution is a religion, then surely creationism as well can be taught in the classroom.[1] In the 1980's Phillip E. Johnson began reading the scientific literature on evolution. This led to the writing of Darwin on Trial, which examined the evidence for evolution from religious point of view and challenged the assumption that the only reasonable explanation for the origin of species must be a naturalistic one, though science is defined by searching for natural explanations for phenomena. This book, and his subsequent efforts to encourage and coordinate creationists with more credentials was the start of the "Intelligent Design" movement. Intelligent design asserts that there is evidence that life was created by an "intelligent designer" (mainly that the physical properties of an object are so complex that they must have been "designed"). Proponents claim that ID takes "all available facts" into account rather than just those available through naturalism. Opponents assert that ID is a pseudoscience because its claims cannot be tested by experiment (see falsifiable) and do n ot propose any new hypotheses. Many proponents of the ID movement support requiring that it be taught in the public schools. For example, the Discovery Institute and Phillip E. Johnson, support the policy of "Teach the Controversy", which entails presenting to students evidence for and against evolution, and then encouraging students to evaluate that evidence themselves. While many proponents of ID believe that it should be taught in schools, other creationists believe that legislation is not appropriate. Answers in Genesis has said: "AiG is not a lobby group, and we oppose legislation for compulsion of creation teaching ... why would we want an atheist forced to teach creation and give a distorted view? But we would like legal protection for teachers who present scientific arguments against the sacred cow of evolution such as staged pictures of peppered moths and forged embryo diagrams ..."[2] Opponents point out that there is no scientific controversy, but only a political and religious one, therefore "teaching the controversy" would only be appropriate in a social studies, religion, or philosophy class. Many, such as Richard Dawkins, compare teaching intelligent design in schools to teaching flat earthism, since the scientific consensus regarding these issues is identical.

Gay and Lesbian Advertising

Advertising â€Å"Out† of the Box In 1994, Ikea created a wave of controversy when they became one of the first companies to market to the gay community on mainstream daytime television. Despite the initial backlash; this ad eventually sparked countless other companies jump on the â€Å"Gay and Lesbian Advertising Bandwagon†. But what is the motive behind advertising specifically to this community, do the businesses take a genuine interest in the gay community or is it strictly for expanding business?Additionally, once a business decides to advertise using gay content, what is the appropriate way to go about doing so, and how does their strategy differ between gays and lesbians? Only 4 to 10% of the population identifies themselves as gay or lesbian. (Okenfull, 50) So why are businesses so concerned with gaining the support of this demographic? One of the biggest reasons being their buying power. While they don’t make more than heterosexual couples, a large major ity are not raising children, so they have more disposable income.Thus, they have even been referred to as the â€Å"Dream Market† with a potential buying power of $641 billion annually (Okenfull, 49). Because this is the foremost reason why advertisers go after the gay community, this makes us question whether they have a genuine interest in the gay community. â€Å"We market to gays and lesbians for business reasons because we want to sell out product to consumers. It doesn’t get more complicated than that. â€Å" -Miller beer spokeswoman (Sender, 2) It is common knowledge that the only point of advertisement is to drive in more business.However, analyzing the overall impact of advertising on society, it seems as if there is more that comes into play than just a business decision. In fact, regardless of the company's motive to produce advertisements that have gay content, the overall impact of infiltrating gay content into mainstream media has actually helped advan ce and liberate the gay community. Big corporations not only reflect society’s current values, but they are also largely responsible for shaping society's values. If there are more gay and lesbian imagery in the media, society will adapt he perception that they are everywhere and normalizes gayness. Also, having large corporations back a minority-based cause, will make the majority more accepting and make the people in opposition to the cause seem more ignorant. Essentially, even just the facade of a company publicly declaring their support for gayness makes a powerful statement to society. Not only is appearing to be in support of gay rights is something that will boost your business, but to have any anti-gay statement or claims can detrimentally hurt your company as well. In 1977, Coors was accused of firing gays, along with several other minority groups. Journal of Community Research) Not long after much controversy, chairman Pete Coors adopted an Gay-Friendly policy and a lso extended benefits to same-sex couples. In 2000, Coors hiked up their spending on gay advertising, putting them in the number two spot for most money spent on gay advertisements. (Chura, 1) After a company becomes seen as anti-gay, it is evident that they must fight desperately to overcome this stigma just to stay in the game. Beer is a prime example of a product that's advertisements have saturated the gay market to the extent of which if you do not participate, then you’re stance on gay rights is questioned.There is a very positive outcome for the many companies that show their support to the gay community as well as a negative outcome for companies that don’t. Despite this; it still leaves many consumers skeptical of their motives. Many advertisements, in a failed attempt to show acceptance, have become the target of gay critics. The harshest of backlash of these ads are in ones in which they depict obvious and offensive gay stereotypes. It is evident that advert isers must handle these types of ads with care, depicting gay stereotypes can lead to further segregation rather than promoting equality.Gay consumers are very skeptical to how a company presents gay advertisements, but perhaps the biggest obstacle is to still keep heterosexual consumers that are turned off by or blatantly opposed to homosexuality. When Ikea first ran their ad on daytime television, there was a positive response from gay consumers. However, during this time period it still created enough controversy that outweighed the benefits of appealing to that market. This is when agencies quickly realized that limiting their advertisements to the confines of strictly gay and lesbian print media such as OUT magazine was a safer route for the time being.Although the initial reaction by heterosexuals to this first commercial was negative and controversial, this was also a time in history where the attitude around gay media was at a turning point . Gay shows became less of a niche market, and more mainstream. â€Å"More recently, gay-oriented shows such as the L Word, Will and Grace, Ellen, Queer as Folk, and Queer Eye for a Straight Guy have increasingly pushed the boundaries of cultural accepatnce of homosexuality and have diminished the risk of backlash for firms who are percieved to be â€Å"gay friendly. † (Okenfull, 50)Shows dealing with this content presumably have made the hetereosexual community more understanding to this type of lifestyle and generationally speaking, the current generation became much more likely to support the gay rights movement. Thus, integrating gay ads into mainstream television and print media was back on the table. Because the decision for advertisers to target the gay community is still a very controversial subject for both straight and gay consumers, it is imperative to acknowledge the vast differences in how to effectively target this audience.First, it is important to recognize gay male consumers and lesbian fema le consumers as a very different audience. Additionally, it is important to assess how strong their gender identity is. The strength of one’s gender identity is based on several different factors, such as how strong their involvement and sense of belonging is to the gay community. Gay males that are identified as having a high degree of sexual identity, are more attracted to ads that display explicit gay content. (Okenfull, 54) To illustrate an ad that is â€Å"explicitly† gay, (refer to picture 1), I chose Virgin Mobiles â€Å"Hook up Fearlessly†.The ad almost positively insinuates that the two males depicted in the ad are gay, if not gay, then extremely turned on by the a gay act. This type of explicitness would be most attractive to males who have a high gay identity rather than low. There is a large power construct in this advertisement. The male with wings is forcefully holding down the other male to kiss him while the male on bottom, while he does seem sub missive, he is still enjoying the act taking place. I personally like this ad; mostly because of the actual relevance to the buying process.Consumers always have an apprehension to buying products, let alone a phone contract. This ad is conveying to the potential consumer to just give in and try it. While the male on bottom might have been apprehensive about the kiss, just as â€Å"You’ll Love Us† guarantee gives you the freedom to chose without â€Å"strings attached†. It is a â€Å"Just try it! † ad, and while hooking up in an office space is taboo; doing it with with a gay angel is even more controversial and daring, and you might just â€Å"Love It†. I like this ad because it communicates the point fluidly, and replaces any uncertainty with a sense of empowerment and fearlessness.While ads like these are very effective in communicating with the demographic who have a strong sense of gender identity, low identity gays and lesbians are more respo nsive to a less explicit type of advertising. Generally, gays and lesbians who have a low sense of gender identity want to define themselves by traits other than just their sexual preference. By being less explicit, they get the opportunity to read between the lines, not feel alienated by their gender identity, and not have their identity to be oversexualized. To target this audience, advertisers indicates gayness without actually using a lesbian or gay couple.Instead they use implicit gay imagery which uses symbols and phrases that indicates gayness such as rainbows, pride, and being â€Å"out†. (Okenfull, 55) To illustrate an add that does this, I chose Chevy’s electric car ad (refer to ad 2). There are a mother and father car facing their child car. The caption says â€Å"Mom, Dad, I’m electric. † The bottom of the page uses a thin bar that is intended to look like a rainbow. The copy at the bottom is â€Å"So, whatever revs your engine, we support yo u 100%, Happy Motor City Pride from the entire Chevrolet family. † This is another ad that I think is done beautifully.They used a social norm of what society knows as the â€Å"coming out scene†. The electric car is declaring that it is not just any old car, just as a gay or lesbian would have to come out to their parents that they are not just another heterosexual. What also intrigues me about that ad is the italics on â€Å"I’m electric†. This is presumably a play off the upbeat â€Å"It’s electric† song. The car is excited to tell its parents that he is gay, conveying a sense of empowerment and excitement, instead of how we typically think of this moment, which can often be a shameful and intimidating moment for many children.I also really like the ad for it’s relevance to the gay community. According to a recent survey, only ? of hetereosexuals admitted to being concerned about the environment while 55% of gays and lesbians identi fied that they are more likely to â€Å"go green†. (Koretzky). It is targeting consumers that are interested in their message, while also encouraging acceptance and becoming empowered. While even high identity lesbians are most attracted to implicit gay imagery, their liking towards explicit lesbian imagery comes secondary (before explicit gay imagery).But interestingly enough, lesbian imagery is extremely underrepresented. It was reported that in one of leading gay and lesbian magazines, The Advocate, lesbian-targeted imagery accounted for only 3% of the magazine advertising. Why is this? (Okenfull, 65) Not only do lesbians have typically just as much buying power as gay males, but heterosexual consumers are even more comfortable with lesbian imagery over gay imagery, which lowers the risk of heterosexuals being offended or turned off from a product. In general, lesbians are less discriminated than gays. his is something that shows up in the workplace; according to a recent study, gay males make 23% less than straight males, lesbians make about the same as straight women. (Williams Institute) Perhaps society taking a particular favoritism to lesbianism is the very reason that advertisements that depicting lesbians couples in ads targeted towards lesbians are more underrepresented. There is a oversexualization attenuated by the heterosexual community of how lesbians are viewed. I chose an ad that was apart of a campaign for a swiss Italian ski resort (picture 3).A website was commenting on the success of this ad with the title of the Article â€Å"Lesbians Good for Ski Business. † the comment on this ad stated, â€Å"Seems some brilliant ad agency came up with a campaign to promote the Swiss Italian ski resort Airolo by featuring two women about to kiss (pictured above). We’re going to hazard a guess that the intended demographic was not lesbians. They were probably targeting lager louts looking for a good stag party getaway now that Prag ue has kicked them out. † (Get Outdoor Blog) The imagery does not have any clever tagline, or anything to empower lesbains.In fact, one of the main centerpieces of the point of this ad is the male in the background completely enamored and excited by the thought of two girls kissing. The comment on the article even states that â€Å"the intended demographic was not lesbains. † and makes the point that this ad was to promote a party scene. In fact, most viewers probably would not even assume the two girls in the ad as lesbians. By no means does the ad seem to support the gay community, it rather just sexualizes the fantasy of watching two women make out.A sexual lesbian experience can be arousing to straight men and women, conveying a â€Å"party† type of experience while if the couple was actually a gay couple about to engage in a kiss, this ad would most likely be only arousing to gay men, and convey the message that â€Å"We are a gay friendly place† rath er than a â€Å"Party Place†. Another advertisement that depicts the sexual objectification of women is the Nikon ad. There is a hand holding up a camera in which he captures the image of two women in lingerie on top of each other. While the gender of the person taking the photo is not identified, it appears to be a male.Because of the interest in the (presumed) male figure, this ad makes it very evident that the relationship between the two women is not a committed lesbian relationship. It is portrayed to be just a sexual one with an objective to please the male. The copy at the bottom states that the Nikon S60 detects up to 12 faces. When you look closer at the ad, you can spot four males in the adjacent apartment building watching the girl-on-girl action. Many consumers were very upset with this ad, believing it to be both sexist and delegitimizing to lesbian relationships. They made the argument that, the advertisement is sexist relies heavily on the notion that the lesbi ans are unwitting, innocent subjects violated by a voyeuristic male glaze. † (Turnbell) The writer refutes this argument by stating that the two women made the conscious decision to objectify themselves by leaving the curtains open, as well letting another male to capture their (not-so) intimate moment on a camera. Additionally, the ad is relevant to the product because it successfully communicates in a clever way that that even though the faces are so far away, the camera is advanced enough to still detect the voyeurs faces.Personally, I completely agree with the writer's argument. However, I would also argue that these types of ads do present a problem to the lesbian community. How can advertisements tastefully depict a lesbian encounter that meaningfully supports and empowers the lesbian community? Also, how can you conveys that the two women are legitimately homosexual, rather than a sexualizing their experience? This objectification of the lesbian relationship is likely w hy many lesbian advertisements are underrepresented.In general, they are most comfortable to advertisements that use implicit hints of sexuality rather than involving males or females (such as the car commercial). Some argue that â€Å"lesbians are female versions of male sexuality†, but this argument is scrutinized because lesbians describe their experience to be completely different. Typically, lesbians are more socially accepted than gay males are. However, they have to fight harder to convince society that their identity is more than just a sexual desirability of a female. One company that has successfully done so is JC Penny’s.In 2012, they released their â€Å"Freedom of Expression† ad (See Picture 5) that features two mothers and their daughter. While a group called â€Å"One Million Mothers† presented backlash to this ad, the overall response was positive. There is no overt sexual nature in this picture, it is just depicting a family photo with tw o mothers. â€Å"As jcpenney focuses on becoming America’s favorite store, we want to be a store for all Americans. In celebration of Mother’s Day, we’re proud that our May book honors women from diverse backgrounds who all share the heartwarming experience of motherhood. † -Eric Bovin (ABC news)In conclusion; advertisers have recognized the great importance of tapping into the gay market. Not only is establishing your company as being in support of this cause positive, but in some markets; it is necessary. Overall, Advertising to the gay and lesbian community is not one-size-fits-all. It are also specific precautions that you must take in entering into this type of market. Not only are you going up against the criticisms of anti-gay groups, but you are also up against the scrutiny of whether your advertisement is legitimate or whether you are using the leverage of the gay community to seem more accepting and grow your consumer base.There are Advertising Agencies must take into account the way in which homosexuals identify themselves in terms of their involvement as well as the how males and females differ in what appeals to them. Works Cited Hilary Chura, â€Å"Coors hikes spending on gay ads, March 27, 2000 Katherine Sender, Business Not Politics: The Making of the Gay Market, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005, 331 pp. , â€Å"The Dynamics of Brand Legitimacy: An Interpretive Study in the Gay Men's Community (PDF)†.Journal Article, Journal of Consumer Research, University of Chicago Press. JSTOR 10. Going Green, Going Gay? Micheal Koretzky, Jan 13, 2011 The Williams Institute, â€Å"Documented Evidence of Employment Discrimination and Its Effects on LGBT People† (July 2011). Get Outdoors Blog, â€Å"Lesbians for Good Ski Business† (Decemebr 21,2007) James Turnbell, â€Å"A Sexist Advertisement? Lesbians and the Politics of the Male Glaze† (December 13, 2008) ABC News, â€Å"JC Penney Features Same Sex Couple in May Catalouge†, (May 12, 2012)

A Critique of Frye’s, Jordan’s, and Miller’s Feminist Theories Essay

Marilyn Frye’s feminist theory is based on a mix of art and philosophy as well as a presentation of her own ideas in the context of the world. Frye’s theory stresses among other things, the fact that the power of feminism is embedded in the capability of making women’s lives and their experiences understood by a vast majority of the people (Frye, 1983). On the other hand, Jordan’s feminist theory lays emphasis on the woman’s self with reference to her relational well-being (Jordan, 1991). Closely related to this, Miller’s theory is based on the view that there is need to address women’s experiences and make the world understand them better. Thus, Miller suggests that in order to understand women, there is need to understand their lives and values (Miller, 1987; Davis, 1999). This paper will examine and appraise the aforementioned theories and draw a conclusion based on the flaws or incongruence depicted by the theories, and will thus suggest whether the theories can be used together or as separate entities. Frye’s Feminist Theory Frye affirms that in order to understand women fully, that is in terms of their feelings, motivations, ambitions and how they are likely to react to different situations, there is need to understand their driving forces, which are the determining factors in various responses (Frye, 1983). Frye’s feminist theory thus presents an attempt to explain the forces and how they apply to different women. While it may be true that there are deciding forces behind every woman’s response to different situations, it is also evident that the forces cannot be studied conclusively. This viewpoint is instigated by the fact that women live in different conditions, and these conditions are likely to affect how they react to different circumstances. Thus, a generalization cannot be used to describe women’s attitudes. In view of sex and sexuality, Frye notes that sex roles have inhibited men and women from being in charge of their choices since the activities involved in sex are already predetermined (Hoagland & Frye 2000). However, this supposition fails to address the sex drives involved among same-sex partners. Thus, even though Frye notes that women are sexually oppressed, it is difficult to concur with the argument since sexual freedom has increased tremendously in the world over the past few years. Frye’s likening of women to a birdcage in which if one observes one wire of the cage, she or he is likely not to see the other wires present in the cage (Davis, 1999) presents an interesting point of discussion. This is true given that in there are instances when women are ignored, for example in restaurants when waiters expect men in company of women to pay the bills. This implies that much attention is paid to men, who are perceived to be a superior sex. Jordan’s Feminist Theory This theory emphasizes the connections among different aspects of women’s lives, which are developed through relationships. It dwells on factors such as sexism and heterosexism, which separate women and alienate them from the rest of the society, thus subjecting them to a lot of suffering (Jordan, 1991). In view of this, while it is true that women are more affected by issues that concern sex it is also imperative to note that such issues are not just limited to women. Concisely, men also suffer from issues related to sex. Jordan’s theory also dwells on the self-condition of women in relation to their relational wellbeing. Jordan emphasizes that most Western psychological theories tend to point too much on the woman’s self rather than her relations with others (Jordan, 1997). Along this line, Jordan asserts that men have subordinated women and view them as their subjects, thereby undermining women’s relation capacity. This presumption has some substance with reference to how women were treated in the past. However, it may loose significance in the contemporary world where women have taken more leadership positions and have better control of their undertakings. Jordan addresses desire by relating it to adolescent sexuality, noting that it arises from people’s integration with others and creation of relationships (Jordan, 1997). This is true in the context of what people commonly refer to as â€Å"real love† that develops between men and women through their continued association. On the other hand, since relationships commonly break, there is an indication of a flaw in Jordan’s theory. Nevertheless, Jordan’s point of challenging the tendency by men to be dominant over women (Jordan, 1991) stresses the need for equality between men and women. Miller’s Feminist Theory Miller focuses on the concern of men’s domination over women and their tendency to subordinate them (Miller, 1987). She asserts that the propensity by men to be dominant over women causes conflict between the two sexes because men fail to understand women. Miller also notes that in dealing with conflict, women, who are usually the subordinates revert to overt conflict, a phenomenon that is prevalent in the present day (Miller, 1987). Miller therefore questions why men should be dominant over women yet women have equal capabilities do what men can do. Miller’s feminist theory is important in addressing gender disparity in the world. It also supports women in having voices to do what pleases them irrespective of what men think about them. However, its flaw lies in the fact that it fails to address why men have higher propensity to be dominant over women and why women usually revert to overt conflict when dealing with men. Conclusion The feminist theories by Frye, Jordan and Miller all address issues that though not congruent are closely related. Frye’s theory is centered on understanding women; Jordan’s theory recognizes the woman’s self worth and the importance of women’s participation in relations; whereas Miller’s theory in centered on understanding women and why men should not treat them as subordinates. All these issues are closely related since they address the status of women and their role in the society, which is paramount in eliminating injustices against them. Hence the theories should treated together to achieve the objective. References Davis, F. (1999). Moving the mountain: The women’s movement in America since 1960: Chicago: University of Illinois Press Frye, M. (1983). Politics of reality: Essays on feminist theory. New York: Ten Speed Press Frye, M. (1992). Willful Virgin: Essays in Feminism, 1976-1992. New York: The Crossing Press, Inc. Hoagland, S. L. & Frye M. (2000). Feminist interpretations of Mary Daly. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press Jordan, J. (1991). Women’s growth in connection: New York: Guilford Publications, Inc Jordan, J. (1997). Women’s growth in diversity. New York: Guilford Press Miller, J. (1987). Toward a new psychology of women. Boston, MA: Beacon.